A ... AACS: Attitude Articulation Control lets go travel Subsystem. AAF: Association Astronautique Francaise. AAS: American Astronautical Society. ABL: Allegheny Ballistics Laboratory. Ablation: The erosion of a solid body by a high-temperature gas stream moving with high velocity, e.g. a reentry vehicle's heat shield which melts or chars under the effects of air friction. ABMA: Army Ballistic Missile Agency (USA). Abort: To cancel or cut short a mission. Absolute zero: The temperature at which all heat action ceases, -273.16oC (-459.69oF). Acceleration: A change in velocity, lets go travel including changes of direction and decreases as well as increases in speed. Accelerometer: A device that senses changes in speed along its axis. ACS: Attitude Control System. Active heating: The use of resistive electric heaters or radioisotope heaters to keep spacecraft components above their minimum allowable temperatures. Active sun: The Sun during times of frequent solar activity such as sunspots, flares, and associated phenomena. Actuator: A device which transforms an electric signal into a measured motion using hydraulic, pneumatic or pyrotechnic (explosive) action. Aerobraking: The process lets go travel of decelerating by converting velocity into heat through friction with a planetary lets go travel atmosphere. Aerodynamic heating: The heating of a body due to the passage of air or other gases over the body; caused by friction and compression processes. lets go travel Aeronautics: The science of building and operating vehicles for flight. Aerozine 50: A storable liquid fuel: 50% hydrazine, lets go travel 50% UDMH. AIAA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (USA). AIDAA: Associazione Italiana di Aeronautica e Astronautica. Aileron: A hinged surface on the wing of an aircraft or spacecraft used to adjust the craft's angle of flight. Aimpoint: The point in the planet's plane that spacecraft aim for to either fly by or enter orbit. Airglow: The visible light that appears at night in the upper atmosphere. Air lock: A compartment separating areas a different environment, especially different air pressures, that is used for entry to and departure from a spacecraft. Albedo: Reflectivity; the ratio of reflected light to incident light. The fraction of the sunlight which is reflected off a planet. Algae: A group of simple organisms, mostly aquatic, which contain chlorophyll and thus provide a means of photosynthesis. They could be used to absorb carbon dioxide and provide nourishment in a spaceship. ALSEP: Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package. Altimeter: A device that measures altitude above the surface of a planet or moon. Spacecraft altimeters work by timing the round trip of radio signals bounced off the surface. Ambient: Environmental conditions, such as pressure lets go travel or temperature. Analog computer: A computing machine that works on the principle of measuring, as distinct lets go travel from counting, in which the measurements obtained (as voltages, resistances, etc.) are translated into desired data. Angle of attack: The angle between the velocity vector and the longitudinal axis of a missile or rocket. Angstrom: A unit for the measurement lets go travel of wavelength. lets go travel Equals one hundred millionth of a centimeter (0.003937 millionth of an inch). Annular: Pertaining to, or having the form of a ring. Anomaly: The angular distance between the position of a planet and its last perihelion, lets go travel or between that of a satellite and its last perigee. Anti-matter: A hypothetical form of matter of which the atoms are composed of anti-particles, as protons, electrons, etc. assumed to carry charges opposite to those associated with ordinary lets go travel matter. lets go travel Particles having such properties have been produced in particle accelerators. Antipodal: Pertaining to, or located lets go travel on, the opposite side of the Earth. AOCS: Attitude Orbit Control System. Aperture: The diameter of an opening; the diameter of the primary lens or mirror of a telescope. Apex: The point towards which a body is moving. Aphelion: That point in a solar orbit which is farthest from the Sun. Apoapsis: That point in an orbit which is farthest from the primary. Apogee: That point in a terrestrial orbit which is farthest from the Earth. Apolune: That point in a lunar orbit which is farthest from the Moon. Argument: Angular distance. Argument of periapsis: In an orbit, the angular lets go travel distance between the point of periapsis and the ascending node. Arianespace: A private lets go travel limited company established for the purpose lets go travel of producing, financing and marketing the ESA Ariane launch vehicle. Comprises European companies concerned in the rocket's lets go travel development, CNES and several banks. US agent is Grumman Aerospace. ARS: American Rocket Society (USA). Artificial gravity: Use of centrifugal force to simulate weight reaction in a condition of free-fall. May be achieved by spinning the vehicle to make the centrifugal force of the outer periphery or bodies within the vehicle to replace the weight reaction experienced at Earth's surface. lets go travel ASAT: Anti-satellite. Ascending node: The point at which an orbiting object or spacecraft, traveling from south to north, crosses the plane of the equator. Ascent module: That part of a spacecraft that ascends from the surface of a planet or moon to rendezvous and dock with an orbiting spacecraft. Asteroid: A small, usually irregularly shaped body orbiting the sun, most often at least partially between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Asteroid belt: A 1/2 AU wide region between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where most asteroids are found. Astronaut: A person who flies in space, whether as a crew member lets go travel or passenger. Astronautics: The science and technology of space flight. Astronomical unit: The mean distance of Earth from the Sun, i.e. 92,955,807 miles (149,597,870 km). Astrophysics: Study of the physical and chemical lets go travel nature of celestial bodies and their environs. ATDA: Agena Target Docking Adapter. Atmospheric balloon: An instrumented package suspended from a buoyant gas bag; deployed in a planet's atmosphere to study wind circulation patterns. Atmospheric pressure: The weight of air on surfaces within Earth's atmosphere, about 14.7 psi (101 kPa) at sea level. Such pressure is also supplied artificially in spacecraft and spacesuits. Atmospheric probe: A small instrumented craft which separates from the main spacecraft prior to closest approach to a planet to study the gaseous atmosphere of the body as it drops through it. Attenuation: The decrease of a propagating physical quantity, such as a radio signal, with increasing distance from the source, or from some obstruction. Attitude: Orientation of a space vehicle as determined by the relationship between its axes and some reference plane, lets go travel e.g. the horizon. Attitude articulation control subsystem: The onboard computer that manages the tasks involved in spacecraft stabilization via its interface equipment. For attitude reference, star trackers, star scanners, solar trackers, sun sensors, and planetary limb trackers are used. Attitude control: The system that turns and maintains a spacecraft in the required direction as indicated by its sensors. lets go travel AU: Astronomical Unit. Aurora: Arcs, rays or swaying curtains of green, yellow or white lights seen in latitudes of about 70o, such as Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights, and Aurora Australis or Southern Lights; caused by streams of electrified particles, emitted by the Sun, trapped in the Earth's magnetic field. Autopilot: lets go travel A system or device that controls a vehicle's flight at a preset course and altitude. Azimuth: The angular position of an object measured in the observer's horizontal plane, usually from north through east. Bearing or direction lets go travel in the horizontal plane. As one of the coordinates expressing celestial location, it is sometimes used in tracking spacecraft.
B ... Backscattering: Reflecting light back in the direction of the source. Back-up: An item kept available to replace an item which fails to perform satisfactorily. Ballistics: The science that deals with the motion, behavior, appearance or modification of missiles acted upon by propellants, lets go travel rifling, wind, gravity, temperature or other modifying conditions of force. Ballute: An aerodynamic braking device which is both balloon and parachute. Bar: A unit of pressure equal to one million dynes per square centimeter, or 0.99 atmospheres. Barycenter: The common center of mass about which two or more bodies revolve. Basin: A large, 200 km, circular depression from the explosive impact of an asteroid or similar sized body on a planet surface, usually rimmed lets go travel by mountains. Battery: A device with two or more connected cells that produce a direct current by converting chemical energy into electrical energy. Big Bang theory: The theory that the universe was once clustered and at the 'beginning' it exploded out, as shown by the fact that objects are still moving out from the center. Binary star: Two stars revolving around a common center of gravity. Bi-propellant: A rocket propellant consisting of two unmixed or uncombined chemicals (fuel and oxidizer) fed separately into the combustion chamber. BIS: British Interplanetary Society. Bit: A basic unit of computer information; abbreviation of binary digit. Black hole: An object whose gravity is so strong that the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light. Blackout (physiological): A temporary loss of vision and/or consciousness when a person is subjected to high accelerations. Blackout (radio): A temporary loss of radio communications which occurs between a spacecraft reentering the atmosphere and ground stations due to an ionized sheath lets go travel of plasma lets go travel which develops around the vehicle. Black powder: A mixture of saltpeter (potassium nitrate), sulfur, and charcoal, used in explosives and as an early propellant lets go travel for rockets. Boilerplate: A metal replica of the flight model (e.g. of a spacecraft) but usually heavier and cruder for test purposes. BOL: Beginning lets go travel Of Life. Boost: The extra power given to a rocket or space vehicle during lets go travel liftoff, climb or flight, as with a booster rocket. Booster: The f
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